The Verifier Tax: Horizon-Dependent Safety–Success Tradeoffs in Tool-Using LLM Agents [R]

In three linesPaper presented at ACM CAIS 2026 on safety evaluation for tool-using LLM agents. Authors distinguish safe success, unsafe success, and failure, showing verification reduces unsafe success but also decreases task completion as horizon increases ("Verifier Tax"). Two-tier architecture: deterministic policy checks followed by LLM-based verifier.

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